{"id":10273,"date":"2021-06-25T11:46:41","date_gmt":"2021-06-25T08:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/old.lexist.com.tr\/?p=10273"},"modified":"2026-01-22T12:17:23","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T09:17:23","slug":"kefalet-sozlesmelerinde-esin-yazili-rizasi-zorunlulugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lexist.com.tr\/tr\/yayinlar\/kefalet-sozlesmelerinde-esin-yazili-rizasi-zorunlulugu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde E\u015fin Yaz\u0131l\u0131 R\u0131zas\u0131 Zorunlulu\u011fu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde E\u015fin Yaz\u0131l\u0131 R\u0131zas\u0131 Zorunlulu\u011fu
\na. Genel Olarak<\/p>\n

6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (\u201cTBK\u201d) 584. Maddesi, kefil olduklar\u0131 s\u0131rada evli olan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirerek, bu ki\u015filerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini e\u015flerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131 olmas\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TBK\u2019n\u0131n 584. Maddesi:<\/p>\n

\u201cE\u015flerden biri mahkemece verilmi\u015f bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k karar\u0131 olmad\u0131k\u00e7a veya yasal olarak ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 do\u011fmad\u0131k\u00e7a, ancak di\u011ferinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131yla kefil olabilir; bu r\u0131zan\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ya da en ge\u00e7 kurulmas\u0131 an\u0131nda verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde sonradan yap\u0131lan ve kefilin sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 miktar\u0131n artmas\u0131na veya adi kefaletin m\u00fcteselsil kefalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ya da kefil yarar\u0131na olan g\u00fcvencelerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalmas\u0131na sebep olmayan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 gerekmez.<\/p>\n

Ticaret siciline kay\u0131tl\u0131 ticari i\u015fletmenin sahibi veya ticaret \u015firketinin ortak ya da y\u00f6neticisi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletme veya \u015firketle ilgili olarak verilecek kefaletler, mesleki faaliyetleri ile ilgili olarak esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2rlar siciline kay\u0131tl\u0131 esnaf veya sanatk\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan verilecek kefaletler, 27\/12\/2006 tarihli ve 5570 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamu Sermayeli Bankalar Taraf\u0131ndan Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Faiz Destekli Kredi Kulland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak kredilerde verilecek kefaletler ile tar\u0131m kredi, tar\u0131m sat\u0131\u015f ve esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2rlar kredi ve kefalet kooperatifleri ile kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131nca kooperatif ortaklar\u0131na kulland\u0131r\u0131lacak kredilerde verilecek kefaletler i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mezk\u00fbr h\u00fck\u00fcm, e\u015flerin bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na girmesini de\u011fil, izinsiz kefil olmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamaktad\u0131r. Aileyi ve evlilik birli\u011fini koruma alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenleme ile istisnai haller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, di\u011fer e\u015fin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 kanuni zorunluluk haline getirilmi\u015f ve bu kural kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Evli ki\u015filer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan emredici nitelikte d\u00fczenlenen, an\u0131lan maddenin uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kefilin 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu (TMK) h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re evli olmas\u0131 ve kefalet esnas\u0131nda evlili\u011finin devam etmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Mezk\u00fbr h\u00fck\u00fcmde \u201ce\u015flerden biri\u201d denilmek suretiyle e\u015fler aras\u0131nda cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, e\u015fler aras\u0131ndaki mevcut mal rejimi ve kefaletin t\u00fcr\u00fc e\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 etkilememektedir.<\/p>\n

Kefalette e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131na ili\u015fkin 584. madde h\u00fckm\u00fc, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerce, ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvence verilmesine ili\u015fkin olarak ba\u015fka ad alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan di\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere de uygulanmaktad\u0131r (TBK md. 603). Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn gere\u011fi olarak, garanti, borca kat\u0131lma, himaye beyan\u0131, itibar emri\/kredi emrinde de e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel Kurulunun 20\/04\/2018 tarihli ve E.2017\/4, K.2018\/5 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 gere\u011fince, kefalette e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131na dair TBK\u2019n\u0131n 584. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlemenin, kambiyo senetlerinde ge\u00e7erli olan avalda uygulanmas\u0131 gerekmemektedir.<\/p>\n

b. R\u0131zan\u0131n Zaman\u0131 ve \u015eekli<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7erli bir Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden s\u00f6z etmek i\u00e7in, e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 en ge\u00e7 kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kuruldu\u011fu anda verilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131, TBK md. 584 gere\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak verilmelidir ve kefaletin adi yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde olmas\u0131 yeterlidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, r\u0131za beyan\u0131n\u0131n e\u015f taraf\u0131ndan imzalanmas\u0131 yeterli ve gerekli olup; imzan\u0131n noterce onaylanmas\u0131 aranmamaktad\u0131r. E\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yer alabilece\u011fi gibi, ayr\u0131 bir belgede d\u00fczenlenmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. R\u0131za; somut ve belirli bir kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ve her s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dair ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olmak \u00fczere verilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r; ba\u015ftan ileriki tarihlerde (gelecekte) akdedilecek kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in genel muvafakat verilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kapsamda kanun koyucu, evli ki\u015finin kefil olabilmesi i\u00e7in e\u015finin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131 ko\u015fulunu emredici nitelikte d\u00fczenledi\u011finden, taraflarca bunun aksine anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lamayacak veya e\u015fler bundan feragat edemeyecektir. E\u015fler, hukuka uygun olarak vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 r\u0131zadan daha sonradan vazge\u00e7emeyeceklerdir.<\/p>\n

c. E\u015fin R\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n Bulunmamas\u0131na Ba\u011flanan Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n

E\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi halde bu \u015fart sa\u011flanmadan akdedilen kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sonradan e\u015f bo\u015fansa dahi ge\u00e7erli hale gelememektedir. Ki\u015finin bekarken kefil s\u0131fat\u0131yla akdetti\u011fi kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in sonradan evlenmesi durumlar\u0131nda ise e\u015finin onay\u0131 aranmamaktad\u0131r. E\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden taraf\u0131ndan ispatlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 unsuru de\u011fil ge\u00e7erlilik unsuru oldu\u011fundan ve bahsi ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olarak kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n mutlaka al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden, bu r\u0131zan\u0131n al\u0131nmamas\u0131, kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (butlan\u0131) sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu, h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan re\u2019sen dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulduktan sonra kefil olan ki\u015finin e\u015finin kefalete sonradan onay vermesi veya alacakl\u0131n\u0131n iyiniyetli olmas\u0131 da ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

d. E\u015fin R\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n Aranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130stisnai Durumlar<\/p>\n

Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n aranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birtak\u0131m istisnalar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu istisnalardan biri, mahkemece verilmi\u015f bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k karar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 durumudur. Mahkemece ayr\u0131l\u0131k karar\u0131 verilmesi halinde bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde resmi olarak evlilik devam etse bile, e\u015fler hakk\u0131nda verilen bu karar\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu s\u00fcre boyunca akdedilecek kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde e\u015flerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmamaktad\u0131r. Yasal olarak e\u015flerin ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131 hali de istisnalar kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. E\u015flerin yasal olarak ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, TMK\u2019n\u0131n 197. maddesindeki ko\u015fullar\u0131n (ortak hayat sebebiyle e\u015flerin ki\u015fili\u011fi, ekonomik g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya ailenin huzurunun ciddi bi\u00e7imde tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015fmesi vs.) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde do\u011fmaktad\u0131r. Bo\u015fanma davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla da e\u015fler ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131na sahip olmaktad\u0131r. Bo\u015fanma karar\u0131 verilse dahi karar kesinle\u015finceye kadar evlilik hukuken devam ediyor olmakla birlikte, bo\u015fanma davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren e\u015flerin ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011fundan, bu durumdaki evli ki\u015filerin akdetti\u011fi kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, e\u015finin r\u0131zas\u0131na gerek olmadan ge\u00e7erli olarak kurulabilecektir.<\/p>\n

TBK\u2019n\u0131n 584. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda, \u201cKefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde sonradan yap\u0131lan ve kefilin sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 miktar\u0131n artmas\u0131na veya adi kefaletin m\u00fcteselsil kefalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ya da kefil yarar\u0131na olan g\u00fcvencelerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalmas\u0131na sebep olmayan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 gerekmez.\u201d denilmektedir. Zikredilen h\u00fck\u00fcm gere\u011fince, kefilin sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 miktar\u0131 art\u0131ran, adi kefaleti m\u00fcteselsil kefalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ya da kefil yarar\u0131na olan g\u00fcvencelerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 gerekmektedir; bu nitelikte olmayan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerde ise e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmayacakt\u0131r. Bu anlamda, kefilin lehine yap\u0131lacak olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri istisna kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TBK\u2019n\u0131n kefalette e\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 584. maddesi, Kanunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren i\u015f hayat\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilere maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda ticari hayat\u0131n do\u011fal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapma gerek\u00e7esi ile 6455 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunla an\u0131lan maddeye yeni bir f\u0131kra eklenmi\u015ftir. 11 Nisan 2013 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kraya g\u00f6re; Ticaret siciline kay\u0131tl\u0131 ticari i\u015fletmenin sahibi veya ticaret \u015firketinin ortak ya da y\u00f6neticisi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletme veya \u015firketle ilgili olarak verilecek kefaletler, mesleki faaliyetleri ile ilgili olarak esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2rlar siciline kay\u0131tl\u0131 esnaf veya sanatk\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan verilecek kefaletler, 5570 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cKamu Sermayeli Bankalar Taraf\u0131ndan Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Faiz Destekli Kredi ve K\u00e2r Pay\u0131 Destekli Fon Kulland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Dair Kanun\u201d kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak kredilerde verilecek kefaletler; tar\u0131m kredi, tar\u0131m sat\u0131\u015f ve esnaf ve sanatk\u00e2rlar kredi ve kefalet kooperatifleri ile kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131nca kooperatif ortaklar\u0131na kulland\u0131r\u0131lacak kredilerde verilecek kefaletler i\u00e7in e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmayacakt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 12. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 13\/10\/2016 tarihli ve E.2016\/12256, K.2016\/21462 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda an\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemenin amac\u0131, i\u015fletmenin yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletme i\u00e7in verilecek kefaletlerde, kefalete konu bor\u00e7tan bu ki\u015filerin de fayda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle e\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekmedi\u011fi \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde E\u015fin Yaz\u0131l\u0131 R\u0131zas\u0131 Zorunlulu\u011fu a. Genel Olarak 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (\u201cTBK\u201d) 584. Maddesi, kefil olduklar\u0131 s\u0131rada evli olan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirerek, bu ki\u015filerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kefalet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":26920,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[97],"class_list":["post-10273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yayinlar","tag-uyusmazlik-cozumu"],"yoast_head":"\nKefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde E\u015fin Yaz\u0131l\u0131 R\u0131zas\u0131: Zorunluluk ve \u0130stisnalar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde e\u015fin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki zorunlulu\u011fu, bu kural\u0131n istisnalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu'na g\u00f6re ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fartlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 analiz.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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